Pipes and redirection

Overview

Now that we know a few basic commands, we can finally look at the shell’s most powerful feature: the ease with which it lets us combine existing programs in new ways.

We’ll keep working in the shell-lesson-data/exercise-data/alkanes directory. cd there if you aren’t there already:

$ cd ~/Downloads/shell-lesson-data/exercise-data/alkanes
$ ls
cubane.pdb  ethane.pdb  methane.pdb octane.pdb  pentane.pdb propane.pdb

Let’s run an example command:

wc cubane.pdb

20  156 1158 cubane.pdb

wc is the ‘word count’ command: it counts the number of lines, words, and characters in files (returning the values in that order from left to right).

If we run the command wc *.pdb, the * in *.pdb matches zero or more characters, so the shell turns *.pdb into a list of all .pdb files in the current directory:

wc *.pdb

  20  156  1158  cubane.pdb
  12  84   622   ethane.pdb
   9  57   422   methane.pdb
  30  246  1828  octane.pdb
  21  165  1226  pentane.pdb
  15  111  825   propane.pdb
 107  819  6081  total

If we run wc -l instead of just wc, the output shows only the number of lines per file:

$ wc -l *.pdb

  20  cubane.pdb
  12  ethane.pdb
   9  methane.pdb
  30  octane.pdb
  21  pentane.pdb
  15  propane.pdb
 107  total

Capturing output from commands

Which of these files contains the fewest lines? It’s an easy question to answer when there are only six files, but what if there were 6000?

Redirection

wc -l *.pdb > lengths.txt

The greater than symbol, >, tells the shell to redirect the command’s output to a file instead of printing it to the screen. This command prints no screen output, because everything that wc would have printed has gone into the file lengths.txt instead. If the file doesn’t exist prior to issuing the command, the shell will create the file. If the file exists already, it will be silently overwritten, which may lead to data loss. Thus, redirect commands require caution.

ls lengths.txt confirms that the file exists:

ls lengths.txt

lengths.txt

We can now send the content of lengths.txt to the screen using cat lengths.txt. The cat command gets its name from ‘concatenate’ i.e. join together, and it prints the contents of files one after another. There’s only one file in this case, so cat just shows us what it contains:

cat lengths.txt

  20  cubane.pdb
  12  ethane.pdb
   9  methane.pdb
  30  octane.pdb
  21  pentane.pdb
  15  propane.pdb
 107  total

Filtering output

Next we’ll use the sort command to sort the contents of the lengths.txt file. But first we’ll do an exercise to learn a little about the sort command.

What Does sort -n Do?

The file shell-lesson-data/exercise-data/numbers.txt contains the following lines:

10
2
19
22
6

If we run sort on this file, the output is:

10
19
2
22
6

If we run sort -n on the same file, we get this instead:

2
6
10
19
22

What does the -n option do?

Solution

The -n option specifies a numerical rather than an alphanumerical sort.

Running sort does not change the file; instead, it sends the sorted result to the screen:

sort -n lengths.txt

We can put the sorted list of lines in another temporary file called sorted-lengths.txt by putting > sorted-lengths.txt after the command, just as we used > lengths.txt to put the output of wc into lengths.txt. Once we’ve done that, we can run another command called head to get the first few lines in sorted-lengths.txt:

sort -n lengths.txt > sorted-lengths.txt
head -n 1 sorted-lengths.txt

Using -n 1 with head tells it that we only want the first line of the file; -n 20 would get the first 20, and so on. Since sorted-lengths.txt contains the lengths of our files ordered from least to greatest, the output of head must be the file with the fewest lines.

Passing output to another command

In our example of finding the file with the fewest lines, we are using two intermediate files lengths.txt and sorted-lengths.txt to store output. This is a confusing way to work because even once you understand what wc, sort, and head do, those intermediate files make it hard to follow what’s going on. We can make it easier to understand by running sort and head together:

sort -n lengths.txt | head -n 1

The vertical bar, |, between the two commands is called a pipe. It tells the shell that we want to use the output of the command on the left as the input to the command on the right.

This has removed the need for the sorted-lengths.txt file.

Combining multiple commands

Nothing prevents us from chaining pipes consecutively. We can for example send the output of wc directly to sort, and then send the resulting output to head. This removes the need for any intermediate files.

We’ll start by using a pipe to send the output of wc to sort:

wc -l *.pdb | sort -n

We can then send that output through another pipe, to head, so that the full pipeline becomes:

wc -l *.pdb | sort -n | head -n 1

This is exactly like a mathematician nesting functions like log(3x) and saying ‘the log of three times x’. In our case, the algorithm is ‘head of sort of line count of *.pdb’.

The redirection and pipes used in the last few commands are illustrated below:

Challenge: Piping Commands Together

In our current directory, we want to find the 3 files which have the least number of lines. Which command listed below would work?

1. wc -l * > sort -n > head -n 3

2. wc -l * | sort -n | head -n 1-3

3. wc -l * | head -n 3 | sort -n

4. wc -l * | sort -n | head -n 3

Solution

Option 4 is the solution. The pipe character | is used to connect the output from one command to the input of another. > is used to redirect standard output to a file. Try it in the shell-lesson-data/exercise-data/alkanes directory!

Tools designed to work together

This idea of linking programs together is why Unix has been so successful. Instead of creating enormous programs that try to do many different things, Unix programmers focus on creating lots of simple tools that each do one job well, and that work well with each other.

This programming model is called ‘pipes and filters’. We’ve already seen pipes; a filter is a program like wc or sort that transforms a stream of input into a stream of output. Almost all of the standard Unix tools can work this way. Unless told to do otherwise, they read from standard input, do something with what they’ve read, and write to standard output.

The key is that any program that reads lines of text from standard input and writes lines of text to standard output can be combined with every other program that behaves this way as well. You can and should write your programs this way so that you and other people can put those programs into pipes to multiply their power.